Also, environmentally friendly changes will probably induce redistribution of gene regulatory network expresses in the cell population, where the dynamics can only just be traced with single cell analysis [18]. the advancement of individual well-being. Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems (MEMS) technology allows us to create and fabricate transducers matching the distance scale of the natural cell. Furthermore, the introduction of nano technology provides extended our capacity to manipulate topics of molecular range. With these unparalleled capabilities, we are able to directly interrogate and manipulate cells for therapeutic or diagnostic reasons to progress our health and wellness treatment. However, the introduction of micro/nano gadgets as well as the integration of the gadgets into an anatomist system to user interface/control 6-Thioguanine a natural complex program are nontrivial. From meters-tall human beings to nanometer substances, physiologically important procedures period a disparity of nine purchases of magnitude long scales, which presents significant specialized issues. Therefore, integrating nano- seamlessly, micro- to macro-scale machineries is vital to resolve current complications in the bio-medical field [1]. The effective integration of anatomist and bio-complex systems needs knowledge in the essential difference between your two. Cells, systems and organs constitute complicated systems [2,3,4]; functionalities of the cellular program are manifestations of an incredible number of bio-molecular connections, and cellular systems transformation because they are put through MOBK1B exterior stimuli dynamically. In each living cell, the connections between bio molecules, e.g., proteins and nucleic acids, intrinsically serve as the foundation of extensive networks of signaling and regulatory pathways. However, cellular functionalities emerge from the self-organization of these pathways do not necessarily relate directly to individual bio-molecular interactions [5]. For example, diseases with very different molecular origin may share a common intermediate layer of pathways such as inflammation and immune responses. [6,7]. The resultant pathophenotype may be the same, but the intermediate layer masks the real cause of the diseases. As such, the sheer magnitude of 6-Thioguanine pathway processes and pathway crosstalks presents significant challenges to the straightforward interpretation of them to cellular phenotypic and genotypic outcomes. The functional mapping between the molecular pathway and resultant responses of the bio-system 6-Thioguanine are often indirect as a result of this innate complexity. On the other hand, an engineering micro/nano system is developed based on known design principles 6-Thioguanine and rigid constraints. As such, once the engineering system is developed, it can only perform a specific task and has difficulty in flexibly accommodating agile biological systems. In order to meet the challenges faced when merging biological and engineering systems, we need to make the next generation microfluidic systems self-adaptive. Micro/nano scale sensors, actuators and decision algorithms will form a re-configurable assembly, in which sensors will measure 6-Thioguanine the dynamic output responses of cells under stimuli. Based on the sensors outputs, the decision algorithms will reconfigure the stimuli provided by chemical and mechanical actuators to guide the bio-complex systems towards a directed fate. Hence, both microfluidics and biological systems are fused into one system-in-system in which the two can adapt to each other and eventually reach a desired outcome. This approach will be particularly effective towards reconciling key challenges that underlie major biological quandaries. 1.2. Novel Engineering Systems for Diagnostics and Therapeutics Since the dawn of MEMS, the same fabrication techniques have been applied to the production of fluidic devices [8,9,10]; to date, more than 15,000 microfluidics-related papers have been published. Driven by the demand for reducing cost of reagents and scaling up measurement of biological assays, microfluidics is becoming one of the backbone technologies for bio-medical industries. Microfluidic systems are particularly suitable for bio-transducers because of their feature size, which can be on the order of microns, the length scale of cells. The matching of length scale offers unprecedented opportunities to explore the unique physical phenomena occurring in the micro world. Microfluidic channels, reactors, molecular.