No antibody or T cell data after challenge were reported, so it is unknown whether there were anamnestic responses to the infecting disease (3). Seven different Ad26-based vectors were given once to groups of four to six rhesus macaques before concern 6 weeks later on with an unspecified isolate of SARS-CoV-2 (4). the producing data are offered. We also review the outcome of challenge experiments with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in immunized macaques, while noting variations in the MB05032 protocols used, including but not limited to the virus challenge doses. Press releases within the results of vaccine effectiveness tests will also be summarized. == Intro == The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic rages unabated and may continue to do this until MB05032 there is a safe, effective, and widely used protecting vaccine. Multiple vaccines to prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) illness and/or COVID-19 disease are now progressing through preclinical screening and phase 1/2a human tests, while some are already in phase 2b/3 efficacy tests in and outside the United States (www.who.int/who-documents-detail/draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccinesandhttps://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?recrs=&cond=Covid19&term=vaccine&cntry=&state=&city=&dist=) (Table 1) (132). Several of these mid- to late-stage vaccines are part of the U.S. governments Operation Warp Speed (OWS), which has been reviewed elsewhere (3335). Multiple vaccine candidates produced in China will also be well advanced in the evaluation and authorization process (1,2,12,14,15,2224,29,30). Phase 1/2 trial data within the Russian-made Sputnik V vaccine have now been published (28). == Table 1. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines under evaluation in NHPs and phase 1/2 human trials. == *Some vaccines have alternative names or corporate designations. We use the same names as in the papers cited. The entries in this column are arranged in approximate order of appearance of the first relevant paper on a preprint server or journal website. The citations are arranged so that the papers around the nonhuman primate (NHP) studies are all numbered before those on human trials. The five companies highlighted in strong in this and subsequent tables are part of the U.S. governments OWS program or, in the case of Pfizer/BioNTech, have close ties to it. As this program rapidly evolves, readers should consult appropriate websites (e.g.,https://medicalcountermeasures.gov/app/barda/coronavirus/COVID19.aspx) for updated information. In some cases, the companies have academic partners. For example, Moderna is the corporate partner of the National Institutes of Healths Vaccine Research Center, where the MB05032 mRNA construct was designed, while the AstraZeneca vaccine (also known as AZD1222) similarly entails the Oxford University or college in the United Kingdom, and Medicagos CoVLP vaccine program is a collaboration with McGill University or college in Canada. BIBP, Beijing Institute of Biological Products; WIBP, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products. Both these businesses are part of the Sinopharm consortium. The Gamaleya Center in Moscow has multiple partners within the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. IMB, Institute of Medical Biology; CAMS, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; PUMC, Peking Union Medical College. The SARS-CoV-2 components of these vaccines are all based on the S protein or, in the case of the Pfizer/BioNTech now forgotten BNT162b1, the S proteins receptor-binding domain name (RBD). The adenovirus, mRNA, and DNA vaccines express the full-length S protein. Truncated variants have been analyzed as comparator immunogens (4,6). The recombinant protein vaccines are based on stabilized S full-length S proteins. The inactivated computer virus vaccines all include S proteins together with other viral components. For full details of the immunogens, including modifications made to the S proteins, the primary MB05032 papers should be consulted. The Sinovac vaccine was named PiCoVacc at the preclinical stage and then renamed CoronaVac when it relocated into human trials. The DNA vaccines tested in the macaque study are not known to be a part of a clinical development program; we include this paper in the review because it has a macaque challenge component and is therefore relevant to the comparison with other such studies. Although both vaccines were analyzed at phase 1, only BNT162b2 was advanced into phase 2/3. All the vaccines are either based solely around the viral Spike (S) protein, which is administered by various methods including expression from nonreplicating adenoviruses and nucleic acid Rabbit Polyclonal to MUC13 vectors or as recombinant proteins, or are inactivated viruses that include the.